2003 Kabat-Zinn et al., 1998) and helping clinical populations cope with painful medical conditions (Brown & Jones, 2013). Furthermore, mindfulness has also been shown to be effective in improving the healing process (Davidson et al. Much of the early work on mindfulness focused on its ability to improve individual well-being through its ameliorative effects on stress, anxiety, and depression (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012 Ciesla, Reilly, Dickson, Emanuel, & Updegraff, 2012 Davidson et al., 2003 Desrosiers, Vine, Klemanski, & Nolan-Hoeksema, 2013 Lagor, Williams, Lerner, & McClure, 2013).
This simple practice has been shown to have a myriad of benefits for its practitioners, despite the science of mindfulness being a relatively new field. Mindfulness is a state of being characterized by present-moment awareness of the unfolding of experience in a nonreactive way. This research indicates that mindfulness may primarily improve verbal learning and memory through improved encoding processes. The results replicated Study 1, in that neither consolidation nor retrieval were significantly affected by mindfulness.
VEERBAL NO RED INK TRIAL
In a second study, we presented a mindfulness or control audio before the first RAVLT delayed free-recall trial and another one before the second RAVLT delayed free-recall trial in order to better determine the effect of mindfulness on consolidation and retrieval. Furthermore, these improvements were not accompanied by improvements in verbal fluency or attention. There were no differences between the conditions on consolidation or retrieval. Using the Item-Specific Deficit Approach, we discovered that this enhanced verbal learning and memory was specifically due to a significantly enhanced encoding process for the mindfulness group, which fully mediated the relationship between the mindfulness condition and performance on the RAVLT. After dividing participants into either a mindfulness or a control condition, in which they listened to a 10-min audio tape, results found that the mindfulness condition significantly outperformed the control condition on every RAVLT trial. We examined encoding, consolidation, and retrieval as potential mechanisms by which learning and memory may be increased on a list learning test (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task RAVLT).
However, no research has investigated the potential mechanism by which mindfulness may improve verbal learning and memory.
Recent research has begun to demonstrate the effectiveness of mindfulness in improving certain cognitive abilities, including verbal learning and memory.
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